Metaphysics has a bad reputation.

The mere mention of it brings forth images of wild-eyed psychopaths explaining with pseudo-scientific jargon, how alien species have been hovering over Area 51, causing COVID with a space ray while turning our children into insects.

The term “metaphysics” is generally interpreted to include topics that, due to their generality, lie beyond the realm of physics and its focus on empirical observation.

If something purported to be scientific yet “beyond the realm of physics,” it certainly is worthy of doubt. Yet, it is a prime source for creative thinking that yields accepted scientific findings.

Here are excerpts from an article in a respected scientific magazine, New Science.

How metaphysics probes hidden assumptions to make sense of reality All of us hold metaphysical beliefs, whether we realise it or not. Learning to question them is spurring progress on some of the hardest questions in physics

By Daniel Cossins, 23 June 2025

“A lot of people think it’s a complete waste of time,” says philosopher Stephen Mumford at the University of Durham, UK, author of Metaphysics: A very short introduction. “They think it’s all just arguing over pointless questions, like, classically, how many angels could dance on the head of a pin?”

It isn’t difficult to see why. Classical metaphysics – the term comes from the Greek “meta”, meaning beyond – does ponder some bizarre-sounding questions. What is a table, for instance? What form of existence do colours have?

In addition, it does so through reasoning alone, with tools such as “reductio ad absurdum” – a mode of argumentation that seeks to prove a claim by deriving an absurdity from its denial. It is a far cry from the empirical knowledge scientists pursue through observation and experiment.

But the idea that metaphysics is all just abstract theorising with no basis in reality is a misconception, says Mumford: “Metaphysics is about the fundamental structure of reality beyond the appearances. It’s about that part of reality that can’t be known empirically.”

Indeed, as modern science has expanded its reach into territories that were once seen as the purview of metaphysics, such as the nature of consciousness or the meaning of quantum mechanics, it has become increasingly clear that one can’t succeed without the other.

“In many cases, metaphysical beliefs are the fundamental bedrock upon which empirical knowledge is built,” says Mumford.

Take causation – the idea that effects have causes – which we all believe despite the fact that causal connections aren’t observable. “Basically, the whole of science is premised on this metaphysical notion of causation,” he says.

These days, scientists routinely grapple with all manner of other concepts that are deeply infused with the metaphysical. From chemical elements, space and time to the concept of species and the laws of nature themselves – plus loads more.

From the many worlds interpretation to panpsychism, theories of reality often sound absurd. Here’s how you can figure out which ones to take seriously

We have a choice, says Mumford. We can either scrutinise our metaphysical beliefs for their coherence or ignore them. “But in the latter case, we’re just assuming them unreflectively,” he says.

One of the most striking cases in which science and metaphysics collide is quantum mechanics, which describes the world of atoms and particles. It is a hugely successful scientific theory, yet when grappling with its meaning, physicists must confront metaphysical questions, like how we should interpret quantum superpositions, the apparent ability of a quantum system to exist in multiple states simultaneously.

Here, all we have are competing interpretations of what is actually going on that won’t submit to experimental testing, and it is becoming clear that progress will be impossible without confronting our hidden assumptions. 

“In the end, you can’t do physics without metaphysics,” says Eric Cavalcanti at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia. 

In light of my previous metaphysical explorations concerning concepts like “free will,” “consciousness,” “space,” “dark energy,” and “time,” I humbly present to you “Everything: Gravity, Change, and the Glass Hammer.”

The “glass hammer” is my analogy for something unthinkable yet transparent — something that one might dismiss on first thought, and then think, “Wait a second. What if . . . “

Have you ever wondered, “What is everything made of?

You know that things are made of molecules, which are made of atoms. Atoms consist of electrons, neutrons, and protons, with protons being made of quarks. You feel confident in all that. But what is the fundamental substance of all these components?

Even more basic particles? Pure energy? Strings? Rings? Information? They all have been suggested by physicists, philosophers, and dreamers.

The peculiarities of quantum mechanics, which assert that a single object can exist in multiple locations at the same time, communicate faster than the speed of light, and that merely knowing something can influence that very thing, raise intriguing questions. These counterintuitive claims seem to pave the way for even more surprising concepts.

So here is one.

Perhaps the more interesting question isn’t about what everything is made of, but rather what influences everything. In other words, what is the universal cause behind every effect that exists everywhere? Is there one. A myriad?

I can visualize two concepts that seem to meet the test of universal cause: Gravity and Change. They are everywhere and they affect everything.

GRAVITY

Gravity seems to act like a force, but it isn’t a force. It’s the structure of space itself. Gravity creates space paths that tell mass where to move. Even in the absence of mass still exists. That curve—that geometry—is the substrate of everything else.

No particle escapes gravity. No field ignores it. No galaxy forms without it. No clock ticks unless space has shape. No place in the universe is devoid of gravity. It may not only be what things are made of so much as what gives things the property of existence.

CHANGE

Change also is what everything experiences. Just as gravity is everything, change is everywhere.

Nothing comes into existence without change. A thought is a change in the brain. Time is change ordered into sequence. Causality is change linked with explanation. Consciousness is the process of change, sensed. Quantum entanglement is a change expressed through correlation.

Change isn’t a side effect. It’s the “engine” of existence. Without change, there’s no becoming, no interaction, no perception, no event.

Without change, gravity is just fixed geometry. Without gravity, change is an empty promise.

But can change exist as a separate entity? It seems counterintuitive. If the universe were completely empty, could there be change?

THE FOUNDATION BENEATH THE FOUNDATION

Here’s a possibility: The Gravity Field is the “universal structure.” The Change Field is the “universal animator,” Everything else—particles, thoughts, time—is how structure responds to activity and how activity shapes structure.

So when we ask, “What is everything made of?”, the answer cannot be a specific thing. It must be a principle, a relation, or a rule so fundamental that it precedes any other occurrence.

That’s why the search for the ultimate answer always becomes metaphysical—not because it’s mystical, but because it has to reach below the level where “physics” even begins.

GRAVITY IS EVERYTHING If your search for universality includes parsimony—building the most complexity from the fewest tools—this is a strong starting point: Gravity shapes the possible. Change generates the actual.

Everything else just rides the line following them.

Visualize this: At or just before the singularity explosion you know as the “Big Bang—perhaps one Planck second before time as we know it—the first thing to exist was the change field.

Not matter, not energy, not even space, but the pure relational fact that something will not be the same from one moment to the next.

From this primordial flicker, the gravity field emerges as the first structure builder, the first geometry, the first form that gives shape to change.

Gravity doesn’t push or pull in the usual sense; it sculpts. It tells the changing “what” where to go. All else—particles, forces, time, space, and even consciousness—arise as complex echoes of that foundational field pairing: Change as cause, Gravity as form.

From the overlap of two fields, two metaphysical primitives merge, and the entire universe unfolds.

Can you see it? Before anything—before time, space, matter, or energy—there was only stillness. A frozen singularity, timeless and changeless, containing no structure, no motion, no direction.

Without the Change field, nothing happens. Without Gravity, nothing holds. Together, they animate the universe. Perhaps, like the graviton, there’s a hypothetical particle—a “chronon”—not just measuring Change, but enabling it. Without it, the cosmos remains a blank slate.

We come to the hard problem of imagining how Change could be a standalone. How could Change exist before there is any THING that can change?

But I see Change as not an inevitable part of existence. I can imagine that singularity, or whatever it was, existing for millennia without Change. I can visualize the possibility of an electron that never changes until something gives it “permission” or the “command” to change.

I can imagine change as a field that, when combined with the gravity field, initiates the evolution of the universe.

AN ANALOGY

We often picture the Big Bang as an explosion—a furious, fiery instant when the universe bursts into being. But what if it wasn’t an explosion at all? What if it was an intersection?

Not of matter, or even energy—but of two fundamental, pre-physical fields: one representing change, and the other, structure—what we now call gravity.

Imagine a universe before time. Not a moment before, but a condition without motion, without process—only potential.

In this frozen realm, two great fields exist. One, the Gravity Field, shaped but inert, a vast topology of possible forms. The other, the Change Field, is dynamic in nature but without a canvas to act upon.

Separately, neither produces reality. But at the instant they intersect, time begins. The coupling of change with structure triggers motion, energy, and evolution—a cosmos.

To visualize this, consider a simple metaphor: The moire pattern.

When the patterns exist separately, they do nothing. But move them even slightly, and the most astounding patterns suddenly emerge. Watch how the patterns change faster than the merger itself.

In fact, through time, the pattern moves faster and faster. Does that remind you of dark energy?

In a similar way, the intersection of the Change Field and Gravity Fields may have emerged across an entire volume of proto-space instantaneously. From within the universe, it would appear to expand faster than light—not because anything traveled superluminally, but because the rules of existence themselves had shifted.

It explains how the universe could expand faster than light, while containing light.

There was no “before” the intersection because time had not yet been written into the structure. The Big Bang was not a fireball—it was the first place geometry was set in motion.

What followed—particles, forces, even consciousness—may be the natural unfolding of that single event: the moment change met gravity and the universe became real.

Sometimes, metaphysics is necessary to explain what physics cannot. You may need to squint or rely on your peripheral vision to see it. (See: New Scientist Magazine: How metaphysics probes hidden assumptions to make sense of reality)

Metaphysical speculation is a good creative exercise as long as you don’t go too far down the rabbit hole. But, of course, this leaves open the question, “What is too far down?”

An object being in two places at the same time? You, changing an object simply by knowing it? Instant communication over a distance of light years?

Rodger Malcolm Mitchell

Monetary Sovereignty

Twitter: @rodgermitchell

Search #monetarysovereignty

Facebook: Rodger Malcolm Mitchell;

MUCK RACK: https://muckrack.com/rodger-malcolm-mitchell;

https://www.academia.edu/

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A Government’s Sole Purpose is to Improve and Protect The People’s Lives.

MONETARY SOVEREIGNTY

You may have thought that the federal debt is too high and should be reduced. Right? Who could blame you after the Republican Party struggled mightily — and as usual, failed — to reduce the debt with its “Big Beautiful Bill.”

Why the struggle? Why the failure. Because it was a BIG LIE.

In 1940, the federal debt was approximately $40 billion, and the debt-to-GDP ratio was around 40%. Self-proclaimed experts called it a “ticking time bomb.”

Today, the federal debt is about #36.2 trillion, (that’s trillion, with a “t”) and the ratio is triple what it was then, and the economy is bigger and stronger than ever in our history.

So what happened to the “ticking time bomb”? Right, it was a BIG LIE.

But even now, you encounter articles like this one:

How Much Debt Does the US Have?

About $36.2 trillion as of May 2025.

OMG! The government owes $36.2 trillion. How will it ever pay it back. We’re all doomed.

Except for two details the scare article conveniently skips:

1. Unlike you and me, and unlike state and local governments, our federal government is Monetarily Sovereign. It has the infinite ability to pay for anything in dollars. Even if it doesn’t collect a single penny in taxes, it could continue spending forever — even double or triple its spending — and pay all its bill on time.
2. Federal “debt” is another word for “dollars.” Really. 

The misnamed federal “debt” is the total of Treasury bills, notes, and bonds outstanding. Those words — bills, notes, and bonds — usually signify debt in the private sector (you and me).

However, in the federal sector, they have quite a different meaning.

Look at that dollar BILL in your pocket. See what it is? It’s a FEDERAL RESERVE NOTE. It’s money.

When you buy a Treasury BILL, NOTE, or BOND, not only do you increase the federal “debt,” but you buy money. You literally exchange your federal money for other federal money.

You give the government some money, and the government gives you some money, along with a promise to pay you some interest — in money. It’s an even exchange that is complicated only by the misuse of the word “debt.”

That dollar bill is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government. It’s even signed by the Treasurer and the Secretary of the United States Treasury.

The T-bill you bought with that dollar bill also is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government, just like a dollar. 

With regard to safety, obligations, and every other factor you can name, there are only three differences between a U.S. dollar and a T-bill.

1. The T-bill pays interest; the dollar doesn’t.
2. The T-bill matures, meaning it stops paying interest at a certain point in time. The dollar never matures since it does not pay interest.
3. The dollar is more liquid, meaning it’s easier to use when making payments.

So when debt worriers warn about the size of the federal debt, they are actually saying that the U.S. economy is too rich. It has too much money. 

Despite all the inferences, this misnamed “debt” is not a burden on the government, nor is it a burden on you. The greater the “debt” the more dollars the economy has. A growing economy requires a growing amount of money (debt). Here is the proof:

Gross Domestic Product = Net Federal Spending + Net Non-federal Spending + Net Exports.

The federal government borrows money when its spending and investments cannot be funded by federal revenue alone; this debt enables the government to pay for programs and services when funds aren’t immediately available.

Consider how absurd the above statement is. Federal debt is identical to federal dollars. A Monetarily Sovereign government, which can immediately create Treasury bills, can also immediately create dollars. They are the same. 

When the federal government spends more money than it brings in through taxes and other revenue sources, a budget deficit occurs.

To cover the deficit, it borrows money by selling bonds and other securities.

If the government borrows dollars to cover the deficit, where do the lenders get the dollars? Answer: The government can create dollars as easily as it can create “debt.” Treasury notes and Federal Reserve notes are functionally the same. They both are financial obligations of the federal government.

Generally, the federal debt is an accumulation of budget deficits over time. The federal debt in the most recent month of data, May 2025, was $36.2 trillion. This is 2% higher than in May 2024 and up 31% from 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Translation: There were 2% more dollars in May 2025 than in May 2024. Is this supposed to be worrisome?

Dividing the total debt by the population of the US reveals the per-person debt, or the average amount of debt for each person. This makes it easier to compare debt levels between different countries or time periods, since it accounts for changes in population size.

It also leads to the false perception that somehow you, or other taxpayers, “owe” the debt. You don’t. Nobody does. The more federal debt there is, the more money there is.

Per-person debt has increased at an average rate of 5% per year since 2001. As of 2024 — the last year for which there is population data — the federal debt was equivalent to $106K per-person, for a total of $36.2 trillion.

Translation: There are 106K dollars per person in America. So???

Another way to understand a country’s debt is to compare it with its gross domestic product (GDP). GDP, broadly speaking, is a measure of the value of an economy.

Analyzing the debt in context of GDP makes it easier to track the debt alongside changes in economy and inflation, allowing for comparisons of the debt over time; it can also indicate a country’s ability to repay its debt.

Now we get to the absolute lie, also known as THE BIG LIE. There is zero — ZERO — relationship between GDP and a country’s ability to pay its debts. 

The U.S. federal government has never defaulted on its debt due to a lack of financial capacity. As the sovereign issuer of the U.S. dollar, it cannot run out of money in the same way a household or business can. 

The problem is that people with ill intent like to confuse the use of the word “debt.” 

Federal debt is the total of deficits, the difference between taxes and spending. The government “owes” money on that kind of debt as much as it “owes” money on the dollars in circulation i.e., nothing.

The other kind of debt occurs when a buyer doesn’t immediately pay for goods and services but instead owes payment. The federal government always has and will continue to pay for everything in a timely manner. It never is late and never fails to pay.

By mixing the variations on the word “debt,” ignorant or malevolent writers cause unnecessary concern, which leads to bad policy.

An example of poor policy is the notorious “debt ceiling,” a law that, if followed, would require the federal government to default on its obligations and not pay for what it has already contracted to pay for.

The true purpose of this law is to enrich the wealthy by making benefits to the poor appear to be unaffordable.

When debt reaches 100% of a nation’s GDP, it indicates that the country owes about as much as its economy generates annually.

“The country” does not owe the federal debt. No one does. It is not debt. It is dollars. The bigger the “debt,” the wealthier the country, because that debt is just another word for “dollars.”

The nation’s debt as a percentage of GDP first surpassed 100% in Q4 of 2012. It remained relatively stable until Q2 of 2020, when it decreased while spending increased. It reached 133% of GDP by the end of Q3. As of Q1 2025, the debt as a percentage of GDP was 121%.

In short, the total amount of dollars is greater than the total value of production. So???

The government has to pay interest on its debts, the same way individuals pay interest on credit card bills, mortgages, and car payments. Interest payments aren’t fixed, and change based on the size of the debt and current interest rates.

Finally, we get to the BIG LIE  regarding interest. When the federal government pays interest, it injects growth dollars into the economy. The more interest it pays, the more growth dollars.

That interest costs you nothing. Taxpayers do not pay for federal interest. The government creates interest dollars the same way it pays for everything else: It passes laws.

As long as the U.S. federal government does not run out of laws, it will not run out of dollars. Tell that to the next person who complains about the size of the so-called, misnamed federal debt.

Rodger Malcolm Mitchell

Monetary Sovereignty

Twitter: @rodgermitchell

Search #monetarysovereignty

Facebook: Rodger Malcolm Mitchell;

MUCK RACK: https://muckrack.com/rodger-malcolm-mitchell;

https://www.academia.edu/

……………………………………………………………………..

A Government’s Sole Purpose is to Improve and Protect The People’s Lives.

MONETARY SOVEREIGNTY