Have you ever had thoughts, questions, and speculations, and you wished you had someone with whom you could discuss them- I mean serious stuff, not “It’s hot for this time of year” or “How about those Cubs?”

If you have someone like that, good for you. If you don’t, you might consider an AI tool like ChatGPT, for instance.

I enjoy science. I subscribe to Wired, Discover, New Scientist, Scientific American, and The Week. That is not nearly enough to make me an expert in any field, but it is enough to spark my curiosity about many things.

When I have a question or an idea, I bounce it off my AI. I recognize that any answer might be a hallucination, but of course, that can be true of any information source.

If you do this with your ideas, one caveat: Always tell your AI, “Don’t be nice; be truthful.” Otherwise, all you’ll get are responses that tell you what a great idea you have.

For the past few weeks, I’ve been reading about things we don’t know. The reason: When there is a well-agreed-upon hypothesis that has some areas of important mystery, it could be a sign that the hypothesis itself is wrong.

Examples:

1. Quantum entanglement. No one knows how that “spooky action at a distance” works, yet it seems to exist. How and why?
2. Gravity. There should be gravitons, but we can’t find them. Why, and why is it so weak?
3. Black holes. There should be singularities, but they require infinities, with which no one is comfortable. And then there is the information paradox, which seems to imply that all the information about the matter sucked into a black hole isn’t actually in there at all, but possibly on the surface—if there were a surface.
4. Dark matter. We keep looking for it. We see its gravity. But we don’t know what it is. Why can’t we find it?
5. Dark Energy. In a space-only universe, dark energy may not be energy at all, but an emergent effect of global spatial curvature — the large-scale “relaxation” or “pressure” of space itself as it unfolds its intrinsic shape.

If you are a science buff, like me, these things fascinate you. Your imagination tries to solve problems that experts have failed to solve. One might thing that might give you the humility to give up. But I can’t. I keep asking myself, “What if . . .?”

So, out of curiosity, and with no one else to ask, I asked ChatGPT a series of “what ifs,” and we talked and talked. This is what I finally asked: “What if the universe is made of space?”

We believe space is not an empty void. Every cubic centimeter is loaded with every kind of photon, gravity, and other fields, as well as a few atoms, some of which are thought to pop in and out of existence. So space exists, and it has physical properties, like every substance with which you are familiar.

In the distant past, if you asked, “What is the universe made of, the answer might have been earth, water, air, and fire. Recently, the same question might have elicited the answer: six kinds of quarks, electrons, fields, and forces.

But if you drill down from there and ask what the six quarks, electrons, and the many fields are made of, you arrive at the limits of current knowledge.

With help from my AI  friend, I constructed a brief speculation. If you’re a physicist, it could be an idea starter. If you just enjoy science, like me, it could be an interesting read:

Abstract

This paper proposes a simplification of physical reality: that space itself is the one fundamental substance, and that all phenomena — particles, fields, forces, and gravity — emerge from the geometry and topology of space.

Rather than treating space as a passive container or requiring additional entities like strings or multidimensional branes, let’s consider the possibility that space itself is the sole foundational, dynamic, self-structuring, physical entity.

In this framework, mass arises from localized geometric or topological features, gravity is a manifestation of space curvature, and even “dark matter” becomes a purely geometric effect — a feature of shaped space without particle content.

Topology, rather than particle composition, becomes the primary mathematical language of fundamental physics.

1. Introduction: What Is Everything Made Of? Physicists routinely answer this ancient question with layered complexity. Electrons are elementary particles; protons are made of quarks and gluons.

String theory offers vibrating strings. Loop quantum gravity speaks of spin networks. But beneath each proposal lurks a deeper question: What are these things made of? What is the most elementary thing?

This paper explores the possibility that everything — particles, mass, gravity, and even charge — arises from the shape, structure, and fluctuations of physical space itself.

Not space plus matter. Not space plus fields. Just space. It’s not chemistry. It’s not quantum mechanics. It’s topology.

2. The Failure of Substance-Based Models Traditional physics builds up the world from “things”: particles, fields, and forces within space. But this model has failed to answer certain fundamental questions.

We don’t know what particles are; we only know how they behave. We assign mass and charge, but don’t explain their origins. Dark matter resists detection — is it even “stuff”?

Singularities (in black holes, the Big Bang) produce infinities — a sure sign of a model breaking down.

3. The Proposal: Space Is All There Is We propose a single physical postulate: Everything is made of space.

This is a physical hypothesis with testable implications. The idea is that space is not a void, but a structured entity with features, curvatures, and possibly quantized topologies.

All observed phenomena arise from local or global behaviors of this structured space.

Yet the field equations are symmetric. Either side of that “equals” sign can be the cause, and either side can be the effect. We can equally well interpret curved space as the source of the appearance of mass.

In this view, mass is not a source but a symptom — the visible behavior of a shaped region of space.

Mass arises from the strength or complexity of this physical structure.

6. The Dark Matter Reinterpretation If structured space can create gravitational effects without particles, then “dark matter” is simply space shaped in a way that produces the appearance of gravity without interacting with light.

This explains why gravity interacts gravitationally, but not electromagnetically, because it is space.

7. A World Without Infinities Singularities are the seeming result of forcing substance into zero volume. If there is no “stuff” separate from space, then singularities vanish, replaced by extreme, but finite, geometry — a tight knot in the fabric of space.

Black holes and the Big Bang are not violations of physics; they are specialized shapes.

8. Implications and Outlook This perspective replaces the particle zoo and quantum field landscape with a unified geometric foundation.

Future research might reframe conservation laws as topological invariants, build models where particles emerge from geometry, and experimentally search for gravitational anomalies in “empty” space.

9. Block Universe Revisited: Space as the Only Substance If space is the only fundamental entity, and all things are simply configurations of it, then distance and time may be emergent illusions — coordinate labels applied to evolving patterns.

In this view, the universe may be a timeless structure — a “block” — in which all events are spatial configurations. The illusion of motion arises as consciousness tracks spatial transitions, like a needle reading a record groove.

But in the space-only model, black holes are simply extreme, self-sustaining distortions of space. The “interior” does not exist as a separate location but as a deeper fold of space itself.

There is no need for a substance to collapse to an infinitely small point. There is only shaped space.

This view aligns with the holographic principle, which posits that all information about a black hole is encoded on its event horizon. That’s exactly what we’d expect if the black hole is a geometric structure, not a container for hidden matter.

In this view, what we call the “interior” of a black hole is not cut off or hidden — it is not a place beyond the horizon. Rather, the horizon itself is the full expression of the structure.

The event horizon is not just a boundary, but the black hole itself. The entropy-area law, previously surprising, becomes natural: surface curvature stores information.

The infamous information paradox evaporates. Since there is no “interior,” there is nowhere for information to be lost. A black hole is not a mystery box — it is an observable surface behavior of space.

There is no deeper layer beyond the horizon that must be resolved — the horizon itself is the complete object.

Entanglement, too, may emerge as a shared topological structure in space. What appears as “spooky action at a distance” becomes a manifestation of connected curvature.

The ER=EPR conjecture — that wormholes and entanglement are the same — finds a home here. In a universe made only of space, all connection is curvature, and all curvature is physical.

The black hole does not hide anything behind it; it is what it shows. The event horizon is not a veil but a shape. It’s all there — visible, measurable, present. The black hole is what the space is doing right in front of us.

Conclusion Instead of asking, “What is matter made of?” we ask, “What does space do that makes it look like matter?”

This leads to the fundamental idea: The universe is not made of things in space — it is made of space itself.

Everything is shape.

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Terminology Note. Throughout this paper:

Structure refers generally to any persistent organization in space.

Shape implies a recognizable geometric configuration.

Curvature specifically denotes mathematical deviation from flatness.

Topology refers to features that are consistent under continuous deformation, such as connectedness or the presence of holes.

These terms overlap conceptually because the hypothesis under exploration treats all physical properties as expressions of spatial configuration, at varying levels of mathematical abstraction.

• “Is this just another version of general relativity?” It’s inspired by GR but goes further: it denies the existence of mass or energy as causes of curvature. Instead, all phenomena are treated as expressions of space itself.
• “If space is everything, what defines scale?” The model assumes that curvature and topology can define effective quantities, such as mass and size, without referring to anything external to space.
• “How does this handle quantum behavior?” One possible avenue for examination is whether quantum effects reflect topological transitions or limitations in the continuous deformation of space.
• “What about symmetries?” They may emerge from the ways space allows localized configurations to maintain equivalence classes under deformation — that is, symmetry may be topological rather than algebraic at root.
• “What about gauge symmetries?”  In conventional physics, gauge symmetries are just mathematical tools and may not reflect physical realities. The need for a gauge field arises only when we demand a certain kind of measure, not because nature requires it.
• “If this model is right, where’s the math?” This is a conceptual paper. Future work must rigorously connect this framework to formal geometry, particularly differential topology and possibly twistor or spin network theory.

Rodger Malcolm Mitchell

Monetary Sovereignty

Twitter: @rodgermitchell

Search #monetarysovereignty

Facebook: Rodger Malcolm Mitchell;

MUCK RACK: https://muckrack.com/rodger-malcolm-mitchell;

https://www.academia.edu/

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A Government’s Sole Purpose is to Improve and Protect The People’s Lives.

MONETARY SOVEREIGNTY

1. The Federal government cannot run short of dollars. Even if the government collected zero taxes, it could continue spending, forever.
2. The federal government does not borrow dollars. It creates all its spending dollars, ad hoc, by paying creditors.

MS disagrees with MMT in other areas, specifically inflation and unemployment.

INFLATION

Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) argues that federal deficit spending can lead to inflation. In contrast, Monetary Sovereignty (MS) suggests that inflation is caused by shortages of essential goods and services. Additionally, MS posits that federal deficit spending can actually help alleviate inflation by enabling the production and purchase of these scarce goods and services.

Furthermore, attempts to prevent or cure inflation through federal spending reductions are recessionary; increased spending to address the scarcities can stimulate economic growth.

We have discussed this here: At long last, let’s put this inflation question to bed, here Stimulating economic growth without inflation and elsewhere.

UNEMPLOYMENT

MMT’s solution to unemployment is the “Jobs Guarantee,” which is just what it sounds like. The federal government would guarantee to find a minimum wage job for anyone who wants one.

MS has given many reasons why this is unworkable, unrealistic, and doomed to failure. Here, MMT’s divorce from reality: Jobs Guarantee and inflation fear, here, How the MMT “Jobs Guarantee” ignores humanity, and elsewhere.

In today’s Florida Sun Sentinel, an article demonstrates why the MMT Jobs Guarantee is ineffective — worse than ineffective — harmful, as it diverts attention from the real solutions.

Unemployment is harmful not just because people need jobs, but because they need money. The posts above explore real solutions. The following newspaper article illustrates the futility of a government program aimed at finding minimum wage jobs.

US factories struggling to fill 400,000 open jobs Attracting, retaining workers for blue-collar posts difficult By Farah Stockman The New York Times

President Donald Trump’s pledge to revive U.S. manufacturing is running into the stubborn obstacle of demographic reality.

The pool of blue-collar workers who are able and willing to perform tasks on a factory floor in the country is shrinking.

As baby boomers retire, few young people are lining up to take their place. About 400,000 manufacturing jobs are currently unfilled, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics — a shortfall that will surely grow if companies are forced to rely less on manufacturing overseas and build more factories in the United States, experts say.

Difficulty attracting and retaining a quality workforce has been consistently cited as a “top primary challenge” by U.S. manufacturers since 2017, said Victoria Bloom, chief economist at the National Association of Manufacturers, which produces a quarterly survey. Only recently has the issue slipped down on the list of challenges, superseded by trade-related uncertainty and increased raw material costs due to tariffs, Bloom said.

But the scarcity of skilled blue-collar workers remains a long-term problem, according to Ron Hetrick, an economist with Lightcast, a company that provides labor data to universities and industry.

“We spent three generations telling everybody that if they didn’t go to college, they are a loser,” he said. “Now we are paying for it. We still need people to use their hands.”

The hiring challenges faced by U.S. factories are multifaceted.

Trump’s crackdown on immigration, which includes attempts to revoke deportation protections for migrants from troubled countries, may eliminate workers who could have filled those jobs.

Many Americans aren’t interested in factory jobs because they often do not pay enough to lure workers away from service jobs that may have flexible schedules or more comfortable working environments.

Attracting motivated young people to manufacturing careers is also a challenge when high school guidance counselors are still judged by how many students go on to college. But college graduates often do not have the right skills to be successful on a factory floor.

The country is flooded with college graduates who can’t find jobs that match their education, Hetrick said, and there are not enough skilled blue-collar workers to fill the positions that exist, let alone the jobs that will be created if more factories are built in the United States.

The Business Roundtable, a lobbying group whose members are CEOs of companies, has started an initiative in which executives collaborate on strategies to attract and train a new generation of workers in skilled trades. At an event last week in Washington, executives commiserated about how hard it was to find qualified people and swapped tips onstage for overcoming the gap.

“For every 20 job postings that we have, there is one qualified applicant right now,” said David Gitlin, chair and CEO of Carrier Global, which produces air conditioners and furnaces and services heating and cooling equipment.

A Monetarily Sovereign government should have no trouble addressing the problem. Use the farm subsidy approach. Pay factories to hire and train workers at higher wages and better conditions.

Rodger Malcolm Mitchell

Monetary Sovereignty

Twitter: @rodgermitchell

Search #monetarysovereignty

Facebook: Rodger Malcolm Mitchell;

MUCK RACK: https://muckrack.com/rodger-malcolm-mitchell;

https://www.academia.edu/

……………………………………………………………………..

A Government’s Sole Purpose is to Improve and Protect The People’s Lives.

MONETARY SOVEREIGNTY